"Odysseus went up from the harbor "

This inscribed brick found among building rubble in Greece bears a portion of Homer's epic poem, "The Odyssey" .... Book 14, Lines 1–13, to be precise. The event described took place in the neighbourhood of 1200 BCE (Before Christian Era) and was not written about until a few hundred years after that time. This excerpt has been dated to no more recent times than the third century AD (Anno Domini), making it the oldest copy yet to be found in Greece. Copyright: Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/Archaeological Receipta Fund & Ephorate of Antiquities of Olympia.

A lost edition of "The Odyssey"

 

By way of explanation, in Homer's "Odyssey," Eumaeus is the first mortal that Odysseus meets upon his return to Ithaca after being absent 20 years -- 10 for the Trojan War and another 10 making his way back home.

 

Eumaeus was Odysseus's swineherd and friend. Although he does not recognize his old master -- Odysseus was in disguise as a beggar -- and has misgivings, Eumaeus treats Odysseus well, offering food and shelter although he thinks the man is an indigent.

The father of Eumaeus was Ktesios, a son of Ormenos who was the king of an island called Syra. When he was a young child a Phoenician sailor seduced his nurse, a slave, who agreed to bring the child among other treasures in exchange for help in her escape.

The nurse was killed by Artemis on the journey by sea, but the sailors continued to Ithaca where Odysseus' father, Laertes, bought the child as a slave. Eumaeus was brought up with Odysseus and his sister, Ctimene, and was treated by Anticleia, their mother, almost as Ctimene's equal.

The following segment was written by Daniel Weiss, a senior editor at Archaeology magazine, and appears here as it did in that publication.

By Daniel Weiss

When an inscribed brick was first found amid a heap of discarded building material in a village outside the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia, it appeared to be nothing special. Now, to researchers' great surprise, they have learned it contains an excerpt from "The Odyssey," the epic poem that tells of the Greek hero Odysseus' ten-year journey following the Trojan War.

 

The poem, which relates events of the twelfth century B.C., is thought to have been composed in the eighth century B.C. and was first written down in the sixth century B.C. Based on the style of its lettering, researchers have dated the newly discovered excerpt to the third century A.D. at the latest. They believe it is likely the oldest inscribed section of, "The Odyssey," ever found in Greece.

 The inscription consists of the first 13 verses of the poem's 14th book, in which Odysseus finally returns home to Ithaca, where he is reunited with his trusted swineherd, Eumaeus.

"I think the brick was inscribed at some point, and later it was used for construction," says Erofili-Iris Kolia, director of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Ilia. Kolia adds that, in her opinion, the inscription was originally commissioned by a landowner in Olympia who fancied himself a latter-day Odysseus.

The inscription on the rock:

But Odysseus went up from the harbor by the rough path up over the woodland and through the heights to the place where Athena had showed him that he would find the noble swineherd, who cared for his property above all the slaves that noble Odysseus had acquired.

He found him sitting in front of his house, where his court was built high in a place with a wide view, a beautiful great court with an open space around it. This the swineherd had himself built for the swine of his master that was gone, without the knowledge of his mistress and the old man Laertes. With huge stones he had built it, and set on it a coping of thorn. Without, he had driven stakes the whole length, this way and that, huge stakes ....

 "The Odyssey," Book 14, Lines 1–13